Essay The Greek Economy - 2993 Words

The Greek economy was a result of the combination of slaves, citizens and Metics. The Metic, however, was the driving and most important force behind the Greek economy. The slave was used only when seen fit. The citizen saw work as below the dignity of a free man. He left to others the labors that he was unwilling to perform himself. Firstly, it must be noted that any prejudice against manual labor among the Greeks was of comparatively late origin. Certainly, in the Homeric age, to labor with one’s hands was no disgrace. The prowess of Odysseus comes to mind, who was a mighty worker and built his own house and even his own bedstead. (Hom. Od.13, 31-34) There was no prejudice against manual labor in the time of Solon either, who decreed†¦show more content†¦This new found standing gave the citizen the view that he was above manual labor. The plunder gained from wars, and after the founding of the Delian League, the riches gained set up new standards of values and condu ct. With the increased wealth, fortunes were made overnight. The citizen enjoyed himself more and saw those who had to work for a living with contempt. Also, with the increased affluence, citizens were able to pay the Metic to carry out trade. Herodotus remarked upon this as something quite new, that the citizens â€Å"practice no trade and only war, which is their hereditary calling. Now, whether this separation, like other customs has come to Greece from Egypt I cannot exactly judge. I know that in Thrace and Scythia and Persia and Lydia and nearly all foreign countries those who learn trades and their descendants are held in less esteem than the rest of the people, and those who have nothing to do with artisan’s work, especially men who are free to practice war, are highly honored.† (Herod. 2, 166-167) This is a testament that the Greek citizen had shifted away from work and had elevated himself upon a pedestal. Thus creating a demand for highly skilled laborers, which was filled by the Metics. Aristotle and Plato simply would not allow or accept that a man, whose whole energies were devoted to making a living, could possibly at the same time fulfill his duties as a citizenShow MoreRelatedGreek Economy and the Eurozone821 Words   |  3 Pagespercent unemployment rate in 2014. Greece joined the Eurozone in 2001 and was the poorest European Union member at the time with a two point six percent inflation rate3 (James, 2000). Greece had a long economic history before joining the Eurozone. The economy flourished from 1960 to 1970 with low inflation and modernization and industrialization occurring. The market crash in the late 1970’s led Greece into a state of recession that the nation is still struggling with. 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The Minoans adopted almonds, the nuts of the mastic bush, and the yellow pulses that were being refined by more ancient peoples already in Greece, while finding wild grapes. The wild grapes were used to make wine. The people of Greece also foundRead MoreThe Euro in Crisis: Decision Time at the European Central Bank841 Words   |  4 Pagesextraordinary decision-making power, this will in effect have an impact on the financial economy of Greece. From this case analysis, the ECB must decide whether to purchase or to not purchase Greek sovereign debt (Trumbull, Roscini amp; Choi, 2011). The Problem After the sub-prime mortgage burst in the United States, this sent reverberating shock waves throughout world economies. As the US economy tightened, economies around the world were also affected; adversely affected highly leveraged banks in

Morality And Technology And The Presence Of Technology

When young children read the well-known fable in class, they are unaware that the story has a moral. It has a lesson that the adults attempt to instill in them at the very beginning stages of their lives. These lessons teach morality and begin to introduce certain values to children. In this way, every person develops values throughout his/her life that are impacted by his or her environment, biology and social constructs. Through these values, morality is developed and because each person has his or her own unique values, morality is based upon the individual. All organisms have evolved throughout their existence on Earth, but interestingly, humans are the only species that apply morals to their lives. Morality and technology are manmade inventions. Morality relies on evolution and the presence of technology. In the essay â€Å"Nonmoral Nature,† Stephen Jay Gould uses examples of acts of survival that insects commit in order to ensure their survival. However, because their instinctual acts of survival are viewed as grotesque, these acts seem immoral to humans. Gould stated, â€Å"If nature is nonmoral, then evolution cannot teach any ethical theory at all† (1211). This statement refers to the idea that the sacrificing of the caterpillars and spiders is an act of survival. Animals and insects commit acts in nature and in their environment because they do what is essential to survive. The animals and insects do not stop to think about whether what they are doing would beShow MoreRelatedThe Island Of Dr. Moreau, Wells And Aldous Huxley s Brave New World1492 Words   |  6 Pagesnovels argue that the loss of individuality is inevitable when science attempts to perfect every aspect of society. Technology without laws holds the danger to eliminate individuality and ultimatel y requires humans to assimilate to a new standard without error and within the bounds of scientific advancement. In H.G. 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Bob Marley Musical Influence Free Essays

Nesta Robert â€Å"Bob† Marley is known as being the father of reggae music. Bob Marley was the lead singer of the band The Wailers. He spread Jamaican music along with the Rastafari Movement worldwide. We will write a custom essay sample on Bob Marley Musical Influence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marley brought the mystic power of reggae to the world and is called the Third World’s first pop superstar. He died at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami, FL of melanoma. Even after his death, Marley remains a global symbol of freedom, peace, and justice, and his songs remain popular worldwide. Bob Marley was born in Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, on February 6, 1945. Marley began playing music while he was still in school. When he was ten he moved to Kingston; it was there, in 1962, he recorded his first three songs, â€Å"Judge Not†, â€Å"Terror,† and â€Å"One Cup of Coffee. † These singles attracted very little attention. In 1963, Marley and a few others formed a ska band â€Å"The Teenagers,† which went through many names before finally settling at â€Å"The Wailers. † Ska music is a Jamaican interpretation of American RB, with an accent on the offbeat. Bob, Bunny, and Peter were the core trio of the band. They wrote lyrics that told of the struggles the Jamaican poor experienced. The band gained local following fairly quickly, which lead them to incorporate dub, a reggae style of music with the drums and bass foundation in the forefront, in the 1970s. In early 1972, The Wailers were loaned 4,000 Euros to record a record produced by the London offices of Island Records. â€Å"Catch A Fire† was met with international media fanfare and a tour in the UK and US ensued. Their second album, â€Å"Burnin† was released in October 1973 and included such hits as â€Å"I Shot the Sheriff† and â€Å"Get Up Stand Up. † The single â€Å"I Shot the Sheriff† was one of their most widely known hits. Eric Clapton recorded a cover in 1974 which gained The Wailers a large fan base in the US. Bob Marley and The Wailers went on their final tour in 1980 that broke attendance records and sold out such venues as Madison Square Garden. Bob Marley’s final performance was September 23, 1980 at Stanley Theater in Pittsburgh, PA. The final album released in Marley’s lifetime, â€Å"Uprising,† was released in 1980 and made a connection to African-American listeners with the single â€Å"Could You Be Loved,† which fused reggae and disco to give a danceable sound. The Rastafari Movement was a key element in the development of reggae music, and Bob Marley was a member of this culture. Rasta is a spiritual movement that worships the Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie I. The spiritual use of cannabis and rejecting the western society are key themes upheld by the Rastafari Movement. Reggae music is said to have largely helped spread awareness of Rasta worldwide. Bob Marley was a key component in doing so. Marley is also known for having dreadlocks, which is a Rasta custom. They uphold that the bible warns against cutting hair; but not every Rasta has dreads, rather every Rasta has love in their heart and that is what sets them apart. Bob Marley was diagnosed with malignant melanoma in July of 1977, under one of his toenails. It was advised that Marley have his toe amputated, but he refused based upon religious beliefs. It was later confirmed this infection was a spreading of already existing cancer in Marley’s body. He continued touring despite being sick and shortly after the concert at Stanley Theater, became increasingly ill and attempted to fight the cancer using a controversial type of therapy based on avoiding certain substances. After eight months of unsuccessful therapy, Marley was set to return to Jamaica. Marley’s plane was forced to land in Miami, however, as his vitals worsened. The melanoma had spread to his lungs and brain, causing his death on May 11, 1981. He was 36 years old. Marley’s last words to his son, Ziggy, were â€Å"Money can’t buy life. † How to cite Bob Marley Musical Influence, Papers

Hospitalizations for Heart Failure Pashient

Question: Discuss about the Report for Hospitalizations for Heart Failure Pashient. Answer: Part A The essay is on the topic of heart failure and its causes. Heart failure is a major public health issue worldwide, and its incidence is rising. The lifetime risk of developing heart failure cases is one in five people. It is a potential burden on the health care system with high rates of hospitalization and outpatient visit. The severity of the disease can be predicted by its risk factors such as ischemic heart disease, smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension. This essay will discuss the epidemiology of heart failure and the fatality of the disease. It will also focus on the incidence of heart failure in Malaysia and how it has affected people in Malaysia. The situation can be dealt with by new models of patient-centered care that can support heart failure patient and decreases hospitalization rate. It will describe the burden of the disease and what actions need to be taken to minimize the incidence of heart failure. The thesis statement would be reducing the global burden of he art failure. Congestive heart failure is a clinical condition which occurs when the heart muscle weakens and cannot pump blood sufficiently to maintain normal blood flow in the body. The structural or functional cardiac disorder impairs ventricle's ability to fill or eject blood. The condition develops over time when pumping action of heart weakens in the individual. Heart failure can affect the right ventricle or left ventricle or both sides of the heart. It may either systolic or diastolic and acute or chronic. Heart failure begins with the left ventricle of the heart as it is the main pumping chamber of the heart (Mann et al., (2014). The symptoms associated with heart failure include shortness of breath, tiredness, and swelling. The breathing problems worsen during exercise, while lying down. Acute heart failure results due to acute pulmonary edema, cardiogenic shock characterized by hypotension and peripheral vasoconstriction. Heart failure may be ongoing (chronic) or occurring suddenly (Acute heart failure). It may cause irregular heartbeat, persistent cough with pink or white phlegm, increased the need to urinate at night, abdomen swelling, weight gain, lack of appetite and nausea, lack of appetite and chest pain (when heart failure occurs by heart attack) (Roger, 2012). This section will discuss the cause of Left-sided heart failure. It occurs when the heart cannot pump adequate oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. During left-sided heart failure, it causes blood to congest into the lungs causing respiratory problem and fatigue due to insufficient supply of blood. Pulmonary edema is detected by crackles sounds. Severe pulmonary edema may cause cyanosis due to low blood oxygen. Other symptoms of left ventricular failure include gallop rhythm indicating increased blood flow and laterally displaced apex beat when the heart is enlarged. Heart murmurs may also indicate heart failure (Vachiry et al., 2013). Right-sided heart failure affects right ventricle when the heart cannot pump enough blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen. In this case, fluids accumulate in the abdomen, legs, and feet causing swelling. Right-sided heart failure is caused by left side heart failure. This is because when left ventricle does not pump blood efficiently, the pressure in the left side builds up and right side fails. When blood backups in the ventricles into the lungs and then the right ventricle also fails. This then extends to the liver and other organs. It is also caused by chronic lung disease, tricuspid stenosis (Narrowing the tricuspid valve), pulmonic stenosis ( narrowing the pulmonary valve), tricuspid regurgitation (improper closing of tricuspid valve), pericardial constriction (stiffening of pericardium) and left-to-right shunt (abnormal connection between left and right side of the heart) (Schwartzenberg et al., 2012). Systolic heart failure occurs when the left side of the heart cannot pump blood out of the body normally. It is called systolic as ventricles cannot contract completely during systole, and so the test may show low ejection fraction. It may be caused by coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, high blood pressure, arrhythmia (irregular heart rhythm), mitral regurgitation and viral myocarditis (viral infection in heart muscle). Coronary artery disease or heart attack blocks the arteries thus limiting blood flow to heart muscle. It damages heart muscle and impairs heart muscle's ability to pump blood. Cardiomyopathy weakens the heart muscle, and when the patient has high blood pressure, the heart has to work harder against increased pressure further damaging heart muscles. In the case of mitral regurgitation, mitral valve does not close properly leading to leakage on the left side of the heart (E Hogan Cowger, 2014). Diastolic heart failure occurs due to declining in the performance of one or both sides of the ventricle during diastole. Diastole is the event in cardiac cycle during which heart relaxes, and it is filled with blood coming from the body through the inferior and superior vena cavae to the right atrium and from lungs to left atrium. Diastolic dysfunction is detected by Doppler echocardiography. Left ventricular stiffening may be caused due to prolonged hypertension, aortic stenosis, diabetes, restrictive cardiomyopathy and old age people (Jackson, 2013). The general cause of heart failure is previous myocardial infarction, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, excess consumption of alcohol and cardiomyopathy. All these symptoms either changes the function or the structure of the heart. Since heart failure is caused by myocardial infarction, this section will analyze what events lead to heart attack in the individual. A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is disrupted causing damage to heart muscles. The heart is deprived of oxygen due to blockage of a coronary artery. The coronary artery is involved in supplying the heart muscle with oxygenated blood. In the absence of oxygen, muscle cells begin to die or infarct. The symptoms of heart attack are chest pain which may travel to back, arm, shoulder or jaw. The heart attack is also associated with nausea, the faint sensation, cold sweat and tiredness. Those persons who have diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity and those who has poor diet intake, cons umes lot of alcohol and does not exercise are at more risk of myocardial infarction. It is diagnosed by the test like an electrocardiogram, blood tests like troponin and creatinine kinase and coronary angiography (McMurray et al., 2012). This section gives insight into diagnosis of heart failure. Heart failure is a costly and fatal condition. It is diagnosed by analyzing the history of symptoms and confirmed by echocardiography. Physicians determine the underlying cause of heart failure by blood test and chest radiography. The severity and cause of the disease may vary in individuals, so treatment will also depend on these factors. If any patient is suffering from mild heart failure, then they have advised lifestyle modification such as quitting smoking, increasing physical exercise, and changes in diet and medications. For patients with left-ventricular heart failure, angiotensin receptor blockers are given during treatment. Severe heart failure patients are treated by receptors blockers and beta blockers. In several cases, implantable cardiac defibrillator or pacemaker is also implanted in patients. In severe cases, cardiac resynchronization therapy is performed. If all form of treatment option fails, then ventricu lar assistive device or heart transplant is recommended (Roger, 2013). This section discusses the epidemiological transition of cardiovascular disease with time. The health status and illness profile of people in the society depends on the extent of economic development and social organization in any place. When countries were in the earliest stage of development, rheumatic heart disease was prevalent due to nutritional deficiency disorder. This region included south-Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South America. During the second stage of development, hemorrhagic stroke, and hypertensive heart disease became common. An example of this regions includes China and other Asian countries. With further development in society, life-expectancy improved but high-calorie diet, cigarette smoking, and sedentary lifestyle became common. This led to the prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and ischemic heart disease. This disease is prevalent in India, Latin America, and other countries. During the last stage of development, efforts to prevent and diag nose disease delay the disease to later ages. Regions in this stage include Western Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand (Sakata Shimokawa, 2013). This section discusses the global burden of cardiovascular diseases. The severity of cardiovascular disease is dependent on lifestyle determinants of diet, physical activity, and tobacco consumption. Heart disease is now the leading cause of death worldwide leading to about 17.5 million deaths per year. It is estimated that the incidence heart disease is going to rise by more than 23 million by 2030. In 2008, cardiovascular disease was the cause of 30% death worldwide with most of them occurring in low and middle-income countries. It takes more lives than all forms of cancer put together. The direct and indirect burden of the disease is high. It has led to increased health expenditure and loss of productivity. It is also a leading cause of death in U.S with about 1 in 7 cases of death reported. In Europe and America, 1-2% of total health expenditure is incurred in heart failure treatment. More than 74% of cardiac patients suffer from at least one comorbidity to worsen the overall hea lth status of the individual (Cook et al., 2014). In Malaysia, 6.7 % of the population is diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. The burden of the disease is determined by hospitalization rate, the cost of drugs, primary treatment and other treatment in countries. It is a challenge for the health care system to effectively manage the disease. The incidence of heart disease is more prevalent in women than in men (Sakata Shimokawa, 2013). This section is about incidence of heart failure in Malaysia. Global burden of disease is estimated by measuring the disability-adjusted-life-year (DALY) in selected population. One DALY is equal to one lost year of healthy life. It is calculated by sum of Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Years Lost due to Disability (YLD). In Malaysia, life expectancy for male is 71.7 years and 78 years for females. In Malaysia, ischemic heart disease, road injuries and cerebrovascular disease is the leading cause of death in terms of years of life lost (YLL). The major risk factor in Malaysia includes risk due to diet, high systolic pressure and high body mass index. Highest mortality rate was found in males within the age of 45-49 years. Ischemic heart disease continues to be the number one cause of death in Malaysia. It was in the first ranking both in the year 1990 and year 2013. According to latest published data of WHO in 2014, deaths due to coronary heart disease in Malaysia have reached 23.10%. Malaysia ranks 33rd in the world according to age-adjusted death rate, and it were 150.1 per 1 lakh population (Khatibzadeh et al.,,2013).. The major risk factor for disease burden in Malaysia includes dietary risk, high blood pressure, and cigarette smoking. Adults between 15-49 years had dietary risk and children under five years had risk because of being underweight. It is a public health concern for Malaysia as the mortality due to coronary artery disease has increased three-fold in the last forty years (Yusuf et al., 2014). Malaysian population mainly consists of Indians, Chinese, and Malays. Although Indians comprise only 10% of the population, 56 % of patients having the heart attack before 40 years were Indians (Callender,2014). This is because Indians have the major prevalence of risk factors like diabetes, high blood pressure, and cholesterol. For patients with heart coronary surgery, common risk factors include dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes. In the case of patients with heart attack, Indians had 4 % higher rate of diabetes than Malays. Other risk factors include obesity, low physical activity. So if there is a health drive to control the disease, the burden of the disease can be reduced. Heart failure has lead to high hospitalization rates and dismal survival rate compared to other cancers. It is also found that Asians suffer from heart failure ten years earlier than Western population (Dokainish et al., 2015). This section is a detail on pharmacological management of heart disease. Malaysia can also reduce the burden of the disease if health care takes a role in adopting strategies to reduce heart disease incidence. Physician indicates diuretics to those heart disease patient who has symptoms of fluid retention. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors are first line of drug for treatment of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. This medication improves survival rate and quality of life in all kinds of heart failure. Digoxin is also a drug for heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Beta blockers are recommended to reduce the risk of exacerbation and clinical deterioration due to heart failure. Anticoagulation therapy with warfarin is indicated for patients with atrial fibrillation and past history of thromboembolic episodes. There are also surgical procedures to reduce the disease. This includes revascularization therapy for ischaemic heart failure patients and balloon v alvoplasty for valvular heart disease. For a patient with low heart rate, pacemakers are beneficial. In severe cases, implantable cardioverter defibrillators are given for complications like resuscitated sudden cardiac death. When conventional surgical treatment fails, heart transplantation is the standard mode of treatment in such case. It increases quality of life and survival rate (Ambrosy et al., 2014). This section is about prevention strategy for heart failure. Due to the significant morbidity and mortality associated with the disease worldwide and in Malaysia. Prevention strategy is necessary to reduce the incidences of heart disease. Prevention is crucial not just because of high morbidity and mortality, but also due to the high cost of medical treatment and time lost due to absence from work. It is necessary to analyze risk factor both at the individual level and by geographical location. Promoting lifestyle changes like quitting smoking, lipid reduction, dietary changes, improving the socio-economic condition and different therapy is the most important factor for preventing the heart disease (Mohamed et al., 2014).. This section is about the role of healthcare department in making appropriate health policies. Healthcare department has a significant role in implementing policies and programs to reduce the burden of heart disease globally. They need to promote ways of prevention of heart failure by public awareness programs. They need to optimize care regimen, improve end-of-life care and provide equity of attention to all class of people in all countries. Health care organizations need to appoint specialist of heart failure in all discipline who manage the patient in an emergency. The health care models need to be redeveloped to implement better methods of quality care. Many people are not aware of the risk factors for heart disease and so giving support and education to the public in this regard is essential. There might be some shortcomings in the treatment process, so more research should be done to discover new therapy (Callender et al., 2014). Prevention of heart failure should be a priority for policymakers, particularly for the high-risk population. Certain illness is also the risk factors for heart failure. Such patients should be encouraged to introduce lifestyle changes that minimize the possibility of heart disease. There should be more support for the implementation of public awareness programs that educated the public on heart failure, its cause, symptoms and prevention strategies. Health care professional should also be given the responsibility to identify patients with those illnesses that increase the risk of heart failure (Chiang et al., 2014). Such patients any given preventive medications. It is also important to raise awareness among healthcare professionals, and the purpose should be to improve diagnosis and treatment procedure and provide proper clinical practice guidelines to medical staff. Patients should be empowered to take adequate health care before developing the disease. Further research in heart f ailure is also an important factor for reducing the incidence of heart failure. The government and other health care department should provide a fund to encourage collaborative research. It will improve understanding of the pattern and effect of cardiovascular disease and will lead to prevention across the globe. Patients receiving long-term preventive therapy should regularly be assessed. Large scale screening program should also be arranged for the patient at risk of developing heart failure. It will lead to cost-effectiveness and increase life expectancy in people (Klement et al., 2015). From the overall essay, it can be summarized that heart failure is the leading cause of disease worldwide, and adequate steps need to be taken to combat the effect of mortality and morbidity associated with the disease. The essay described the epidemiology of heart failure giving details on all types of heart failure. It explained the cause of heart failure and its symptoms. It reported the prevalence of heart disease globally and the burden of disease. About Malaysian context, it gave the detailed regarding the impact of heart disease in the region and what risk factors has made it the place with the highest incidence of the disease. It gave detail it different available treatment option for the disease. The final part of the essay gave a recommendation regarding policies that needs to be made to prevent heart disease. It gave details regarding improvement in heath care system awareness programs to enable people to make appropriate lifestyle changes. Part b From the pie chart, one can infer that National Library is a source for borrowing both academic and non-academic books. Books are available in different subjects in the library like history, science, biography, fiction and self-help subject books. After analyzing the percentage of books that were borrowed from the library, it is seen that people are mainly interested in books related to fiction. This is evident from the pie chart as it shows that 43 % people borrowed books on fiction. This might be because the National Library is not just for the use of student and college goers, but other class of people also comes to the library. The majority of book lovers have an interest in reading fiction books. So they may be visiting the library in their leisure time to read and enjoy such books. It is a good way of spending time on our own. People get engrossed in such fictional stories. The percentage of individuals taking biography book was 19%. It may indicate that many people are interes ted in knowing about the life of influential and inspiring characters in history. The percentage of science and history book borrowed were 14 %. This could be because of students coming to the library for help in their coursework. Self-help books have the least number of borrowers which was 10%. It is because very few people rely on self-help books. People may prefer searching the internet to find information instead of relying on such books. Reference Ambrosy, A. P., Fonarow, G. C., Butler, J., Chioncel, O., Greene, S. J., Vaduganathan, M., ... Gheorghiade, M. (2014). The global health and economic burden of hospitalizations for heart failure: lessons learned from hospitalized heart failure registries.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,63(12), 1123-1133. Callender, T., Woodward, M., Roth, G., Farzadfar, F., Lemarie, J. C., Gicquel, S., ... Bennett, D. (2014). Heart failure care in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS Med,11(8), e1001699. Callender, T., Woodward, M., Roth, G., Farzadfar, F., Lemarie, J. C., Gicquel, S., ... Bennett, D. (2014). Heart failure care in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS Med,11(8), e1001699. Chiang, C. E., Wang, K. L., Lip, G. Y. (2014). Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an Asian perspective.Thromb Haemost,111(5), 789-97. Cook, C., Cole, G., Asaria, P., Jabbour, R., Francis, D. P. (2014). The annual global economic burden of heart failure.International journal of cardiology,171(3), 368-376. Dokainish, H., Teo, K., Zhu, J., Roy, A., Al-Habib, K., ElSayed, A., ... Orlandini, A. (2015). Heart failure in low-and middle-income countries: background, rationale, and design of the INTERnational Congestive Heart Failure Study (INTER-CHF).American heart journal,170(4), 627-634. E Hogan, S., A Cowger, J. (2014). Systolic Heart Failure.Inpatient Cardiovascular Medicine, 154-165. Jackson, S. M. (2013). Diastolic heart failure.Adv NPs Pas,4(2), 23. Khatibzadeh, S., Farzadfar, F., Oliver, J., Ezzati, M., Moran, A. (2013). Worldwide risk factors for heart failure: a systematic review and pooled analysis.International journal of cardiology,168(2), 1186-1194. Klement, A., Meyer, G., Prondzinsky, R., Unverzagt, S. (2015). Interventions to Enhance Adherence to Guideline Recommendations in Secondary and Tertiary Prevention of Heart Failure: A Systematic Review.Journal of Clinical Trials,2014. Mann, D. L., Zipes, D. P., Libby, P., Bonow, R. O. (2014).Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. McMurray, J. J., Adamopoulos, S., Anker, S. D., Auricchio, A., Bhm, M., Dickstein, K., ... Jaarsma, T. (2012). ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012.European journal of heart failure,14(8), 803-869. Mohamed, N. F., Azan, A., Peterson, R. F., Alwi, M. M., Shaharom, M. H. (2014). Mental and physical health comparison among psychologically distressed heart failure patients in Malaysia.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,127, 412-416. Roger, V. L. (2013). Epidemiology of heart failure.Circulation research,113(6), 646-659. Roger, V. L., Go, A. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Borden, W. B., ... Fullerton, H. J. (2012). Heart disease and stroke statistics2012 update a report from the American heart association.Circulation,125(1), e2-e220. Sakata, Y., Shimokawa, H. (2013). Epidemiology of heart failure in Asia.Circulation Journal,77(9), 2209-2217. Sakata, Y., Shimokawa, H. (2013). Epidemiology of heart failure in Asia.Circulation Journal,77(9), 2209-2217. Schwartzenberg, S., Redfield, M. M., From, A. M., Sorajja, P., Nishimura, R. A., Borlaug, B. A. (2012). Effects of vasodilation in heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction: implications of distinct pathophysiologies on response to therapy.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,59(5), 442-451. Vachiry, J. L., Adir, Y., Barber, J. A., Champion, H., Coghlan, J. G., Cottin, V., ... Martinez, F. (2013). Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,62(25_S). Yusuf, S., Rangarajan, S., Teo, K., Islam, S., Li, W., Liu, L., ... Yu, L. (2014). Cardiovascular risk and events in 17 low-, middle-, and high-income countries.New England Journal of Medicine,371(9), 818-827.

Organic restaurant

Organic restaurant has of late been popular, due to the fact that the world is turning green. This type of restaurant prepares foods that have been grown using organic products. They also bear in mind using environment friendly commodity and equipment. The restaurant blends in the perfect delicious organically prepared dishes as well as juices for detoxification (Vileisis, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organic restaurant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The social benefits of organic restaurant include, providing ready made food for majority of citizens in the country. Coming into the market would enable us to ease up the high demand of organic food products. Most families who opt to eat out during special occasion such as birthdays and national holidays, this will be the perfect spot for them since the food will be much nutritious for the whole family. The restaurant will capture the social environment and provide the necessary menu for this field. In the cultural environment, the chefs employed in this restaurant have been highly trained to produce several ethnic dishes to cater the diverse market of the different cultures. The chefs have a wide collection of ethnic recipes which will cater for the consumers with authentic menu. The restaurant will instill the sense of venturing into different cultural food (Akinyemi, O.M 2007). The restaurants will also boost local community farmers by purchasing organic farm produce. In addition, the restaurant also has political benefits. The different bills passed by our legislatures on conservation and utilizing the organic agricultural produce in the market, binds organic restaurant to implement this. This restaurant seeks to implement the political policies of agricultural sustainability in the 21st century. It will also go along way in advocating for environment conservation (Seaman McEachern, 2005). This sensitive political issue of en vironment conservation will be well tackled with introduction of organic restaurant. With the increase in number of consumers who are venturing into organic food products, I intend to open up an organic restaurant that would cater for all the needs of organic food consumers. The restaurant will be a medium size and will basically concentrate on those consumers experiencing chronic diseases and those on dieting program. Mothers and children will also provide an ideal client since organic food is very nutritious for young kids and pregnant mothers as well. I would also try to capture the vegetarian since this market has not been exploited well.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Acquiring organic food is quite costly hence the food cost at the restaurant will be a little expensive as compared to conventional food stuff. The restaurant will provide employment opportunities to sev eral chefs and waiters. It will also act as a source of income to cater for both the staff and my financial needs. This will also generate revenue for the government as well. The restaurant will provide ready market for the farmers who practice organic farming. Due to innovation of new technology in the agricultural sector, most farmers have switched to producing conventional farm products. This prompts scarcity in production of organic food products hence restaurants face difficulty to get organic food suppliers (Wright McCrea, 2008). Organic restaurant faces stiff competition from other restaurants offering conventional food. With the estrangement from the nature world by our modern culture most citizens have lost touch with conservation and healthy feeding. The restaurant will bring back the essence of going back to culture. Most importantly it should convey the message of conservation of the environment. Establishing this restaurant will also channel to transform many citizen s to start eating healthy food stuff. It will be a perfect way for most consumers to learn how to live and watch their feeding habits. References Akinyemi, O. (2007). Agricultural Production: Organic and Conventional Systems. New York: Science Publishers. Seaman, C. McEachern, M. (2005). Competitive Advantage in Food and Agribusiness Industries. West Yorkshire, England: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. Vileisis, A. (2007). Kitchen Literacy: How We Lost Knowledge of Where Food Comes from and Why We Need to Get It Back. Washington DC: Island Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organic restaurant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wright, S. McCrea, D. (2008). Handbook of Organic and Fair Trade Food Marketing. Berlin: Wiley. This essay on Organic restaurant was written and submitted by user Farrah L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Development of Temperament in Children essays

Development of Temperament in Children essays Development of Temperament in Children Temperament varies from child to child. It is also evident early during infancy. I know this is true, because I have friends that have babies and each child is different, one sleeps all crazy hours, the other has a routine day that she sticks to, one cries and is angry all the time and hates any sort of change while the other is quite peaceful where ever she is. These babies couldnt be anymore different. What I find interesting is how will there temperament now change as they grow and experience more in their lives. With this case in point, temperament is an essential aspect in raising a child; you must look at your child and really examine them to determine the best child rearing practices for them. There are different factors that make up temperament, measuring temperament and stabilizing temperament. Temperament is made up of the stable individual differences in quality and intensity of emotional reaction, activity level, attention and emotional self regulation. (Rothgart This spawned the New York Longitudinal Study, started by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess; it is the longest and most comprehensive study of temperament in children to this day. They study a total of 141 children; these kids were then studied from early infancy through their adolescence and into adulthood. There f...

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Executive Summary - Essay Example Health records are very important in the health sectors. All the people involved be it doctors, nurses, technicians or even the patients require the health records in one way or another. The high numbers of people being attended to have led to there being numerous health records which are in the form of sheets and files. Despite taking up a lot of space for storage, it becomes very difficult to trace the records when they are needed and hence crippling the effectiveness of the health sector (European Working Conference on Electronic Health Records 2002). I would like to propose that the health sector be provided with digital systems of data storage. This summary will discuss the usefulness of the digital systems of information storage in the health sector and how they will benefit the each team player in the sector. Implementation of the project will reduce the cumbersome experience of tracking down health records of an individual patient. The project will entail purchasing of computers and tablets which will be used to store records of patients. The project will also entail the creation of a network whereby all the information on one patient can be accessed by any medical officer in the hospital. The project will eliminate the analogue process of writing down information on hospital cards and passing them from one department to the other as the patient undergoes treatment in the hospital. Retrieval of health information on a patient will be easy and will be a guide to the doctors on the kind treatment to give to the patient when they come to the hospital a second time. Outpatient attendance will be fast since the information required to attend to them will be available on a single click. Doctors, technicians and nurses will not need to move from one department to another to make enquiries sinc e the network system will ease communication. After full

Strategic Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Plan - Essay Example Another main risk of Hawaiian Airlines includes causing distress to passengers in cases where the authorities find that their luggage’s â€Å"size, weight, or character renders it unsuitable for transportation on the particular aircraft which is to transport it, or which cannot be accommodated without harming or annoying passengers† (Contract of Carriage, 2013).Hawaiian Airlines is forbidden from allowing any passengers to carry an item that is prohibited in their regulations or laws. Risk Management: Another thing is that Hawaiian Airlines does not allow any object or device, which can get in the way with its usual processes, on board the aircraft. â€Å"Risk management is a systematic way of identifying potential risks within a project, gauging or estimating the probabilities of these risks occurring, to then develop strategies to manage these risks† (Bliss, 2005). Risk assessment: Identifying risks: Hawaiian Airlines explores various options available in order to reduce costs. But this is a very difficult task as present day competition between different airlines is very stiff. Some risks faces by the airlines arise because of the complex structure of its industry. These risks have to be identified and managed for the airlines to maintain its business and progress to higher levels. One of the major issues faced by the airlines is that it can sometimes alienate its loyal customers. This happens at times when the Aloha flights of Inter-Island are skimped in order to upscale or refurbish Hawaiian Pacific Airlines in order to increase client service. Risk Analysis: Risk assessment is not just related with identifying risks, but also making the stakeholders and project team aware of them. It also includes assessing the possible severity of these risks, thus, recognizing where most attention is to be given in order to transform risks into the advantage of the organization. In the case of aggressive growth, Hawaiian Airlines faces medium risk a s mentioned before. It is a fact that they do not provide services of flight to countries such Singapore and India, which are common tourism destinations. Singapore being an extremely popular tourist centre and the third richest nation in the globe, should be included by the Hawaiian Airlines in the list of countries they provide services to. Market Share in Inter-Island Services in Hawaiian Airlines shows low risks comparatively. To remove the competition in Inter-Island facilities area, the industry needs to develop some strategies to attract further customers and, therefore, increase their market share. Announcing particular offers, introducing special services, offering additional discounts to common fliers etc can be a few among the strategies. Brand Image in Hawaiian Airlines is an element that poses high risks. Corporate reputation is influenced to some extent by the value of the pilots in the airlines. It is the most crucial part in strategic airline management and, therefor e, Hawaiian Airlines have to maintain as well as find ways to improve their brand image. Calculating Severity The scales for calculating the probability as well as influence of risks may be qualitative, in some cases where there are comparative definitions available. Hawaiian Airlines suggests the following: Scale impact 1 Very aggressive growth Low 33 2 Interisland Competition risk

Delivering a business strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Delivering a business strategy - Case Study Example Employment of staff in an organization plays a major role in the running of the activities. It also dictates the rate of success. TNT puts this fact into consideration by ensuring that they have the best staffs for their various working areas in order to ensure an insight on the service delivery to their customers. TNT’s strategy is quite comprehensive in both ensuring good services and the outstanding difference of offering services. The stakeholder’s model of thinking is the core principle guiding the business plan of TNT. The strategy map depicts an environment of vetting to identify the legitimacy of the different categories of services. In so doing, the plan has been able to outline customer satisfaction as the end of the organization. Consequently, this earns the organization trust from the customers. A business strategy should aim to ensure improved continuity of the business. Customer satisfaction is one important factor that ensures royalty and consequent boosting of business. TNT plan has gone to an extra extend to offer solutions that are beyond the expectations of the customer. It has devised techniques that enable its customers to keep track on their working. It has incorporated technology to achieve this objective. The employment of professionals by the organization also enables it to be a step ahead of the customers’ expectations that earns it market security. Operational success stems on good services and products of an organization. The success of services in the market is highly dependent on innovativeness. This value ensures that there are constant but temporary competitive advantages in the market. This aspect reflects TNTs planning due to the flexibility of their plan. The organization can change its plan when necessary in order to counteract any emerging problem, which in business can be its proper running. TNT income growth is from its services. An effective sale of

Female Foeticide In India

Female Foeticide In India India is a country of incredible ironies. It is a land where people worship myriad forms of female Shakti in quest of wealth, wisdom and power. In this country it is a common sight to see thousands of couples making arduous journeys every year to shrines of goddesses in order to be blessed with a child. But strangely enough, in this country, a couple is said to be ‘blessed only when it has a male child; for a girl is never considered a blessing in our society. Her birth seems to cast a pall of gloom over the entire family. Her birth is not rejoiced, instead the entire family moans. Gender biasness had been the typical attitude of the patriarchal Indian society since time immemorial. The Vedas contained passages which emphasized the necessity of son. ‘May you be the mother of a hundred sonshave always been a popular blessing by elders to young brides. It is indeed an undeniable fact that despite differences in social and intellectual status, almost all the sections of the society do stand on the same platform so far as their craving for male child is concerned. On the other hand, daughters are unwanted, they are considered burdensome and people who do not dare to carry this ‘burden for long dispose them off as quickly as possible, for in Incredible India, ‘killing of the girl child is no sin. Initially the girl child was put to death brutally, being throttled, poisoned or drowned in a bucket of water right after her birth. These had been the common practices followed particularly in the rural areas. However the evil of killing the girl child no longer remained confined to the rural people but equally attracted the urban population too who, despite being educated, seem to show a strong preference for the male child and the subsequent avoidance of the female child. The rapid advancement of science and technology proved a boon for these people as this had made the diabolic slaughter of the female child much easier and more sophisticated than before. The benefits of science, as usual, has again been misused by mankind and today by dint of the pre-natal sex determination tests, the female fetuses are selectively aborted. Hence we can say that in the modern era another shameful chapter has been added to the saga of oppression and exploitation meted out to women, in the form of ‘Female Foeticide. It is indeed heartening that in recent times when India boasts of its scientific achievements and discoveries, when the pages of textbooks are flooded with slogans of ‘Shining India, women in India are not only facing inequality and inequity in every sphere but they are denied even the right to be born. What is Female Foeticide? As a medical term, foeticide is destruction of a fetus. The term ‘Female Foeticide may be defined as the elimination of a female foetus at any stage of pregnancy, after determining its sex. It is also defined as killing of female foetus through induced abortion.Hence ‘Female Foeticide refers to the process of aborting a foetus if, after undergoing sex determination tests or pre-natal diagnostics tests, it is revealed that the foetus is female. In other words, it implies the barbarous act of killing the girl child in the womb itself, unseen and unheard, only for the fact that she is female. The misuse of medical science has facilitated the rapid growth of this heinous crime in the society today. A number of medical procedures are carried out to determine the sex of the unborn child such as : Amniocentesis Ultrasonography Foetoscopy Chorionic villi biopsy Placental tissue sampling etc. Out of these the most commonly used sex-determination test is amniocentesis. It was meant to be used as an aid to detect any abnormality in the unborn child. But over the years, especially since 1978, amniocentesis has become a widely used test by doctors to determine the sex of the foetus between 14-18 weeks of pregnancy. The ultrasound technique has also gained huge popularity. The trans-vaginal sonography has enabled to determine the sex of a foetus within 13-14 weeks of pregnancy and through abdominal ultrasound, sex determination is possible within 14-16 weeks. Whatever be the method employed, the reality is that these methods have made sex determination quite easier and cheaper, thereby encouraging the growth of Female Foeticide at a high rate. Reasons for High Rate of Female Foeticide in India: It has been widely accepted nowadays that girls are emotionally more attached to parents, more responsible in society and by no means less competent than boys. However withstanding all this, the typical orthodox Indian attitude accompanied with several socio-economic-cultural factors pervading in the society has always upheld the need of male child and disfavored the birth of girl child in the family. This has immensely contributed to the rampant growth of female foeticide in the country, thus making India one of the worst nations in the world plagued with skewed sex ratio. The most prominent factors encouraging Female Foeticide in India are listed below: i) Religious factors: The Hindu religion lays great stress on the birth of a son. In a Hindu patriarchal society it is the son who continues the family lineage or ‘Vansh. According to Manu, a man cannot attain moksha unless he has a son to light his funeral pyre. Also, it says a woman who gives birth to only daughters may be left in the eleventh year of marriage.Such gender biased customs and practices in the traditional Hindu society has over-emphasized the birth of sons and discouraged the birth of girl child in the family, thus paving the way for Female Foeticide. ii) Evil of Dowry:Dowry is essentially one of the factors which has encouraged the practice of Female Foeticide to a great extent. Parents find it a better option to avoid the female fetuses itself than to pay exorbitant rates in the form of ‘dowry while marrying off their daughters. Hence in order to escape from dowry people desperately go for sex selection tests and eliminate the female foetus. To most of the couples, especially the middle-class ones, it appears that ‘paying Rs. 500 at present is better than to pay Rs.5,00,000 in future.Conversely, the boy is viewed an asset to fetch fabulous dowry for the parents. Hence boys are naturally preferred to girls. iii)Financial Dependence of Females on Husband or In laws: In India, the socio-economic background has also been the villain behind the tragic female foeticide. Certain communities want to get rid of female child compelled by the circumstances of dehumanizing poverty, unemployment, superstition and illiteracy. iv) Secondary status of women in society: It is generally expected that sons would carry the family lineage forward, provide security and care to parents especially in old age, enhance family wealth and property and perform the last rites and rituals. Whereas daughters would go to anothers house draining out all the family wealth. Moreover they always need to be protected, defended and taken care of , thus imposing an extra burden over the family. Such conservative attitude of the Indian society which essentially regards women a ‘burden is one of the most potent factors which has induced strong son preference and hence encouraged Female Foeticide. All this factors clearly point out that the ever existing gender biasness in our country favoring the male and the stereotype notion of women as ‘burden is the primary cause acting behind the shocking statistics of Female Foeticide in India. Genesisand Growth of Female Foeticide in India: The Chilling Reality The devil of Female Foeticide first crept into the Indian society through the corridors of the northern states which engaged in gross misuse of amniocentesis.Amniocentesis first started in India in 1974 as a part of a sample survey conducted at the All India Institute of Medial Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, to detect foetal abnormalities. These tests were later stopped by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), but their value had leaked out by then and 1979 saw the first sex determination clinic opening in Amritsar, Punjab. Even though women organizations across the country tried their best to put a stop to this new menace, but were helpless because of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971 which permitted the amniocentesis test as it claimed to be used for detection of foetal abnormalities,. According to the MTP Act, if any abnormality is detected between 12 to 18 weeks of gestational period in the foetus, an abortion can be legally carried out up to 20 weeks of pregna ncy. [5] Owing to this provision, amniocentesis could not be banned and its gross misuse continued. Although responding to the situation certain legal steps had been initiated by the government, however, the evil of Female Foeticide could not be curbed out but rather with the passage of time it has become all the more sdangerous. Today the issue of Female Foeticide in India is no longer only an issue of violation of womens rights only but rather it has become a chronic disease. It has become so widespread all over the country today that day by day we are actually inching closer to a nation without women. Weird it may sound, but the shocking statistics revealing the distorted sex ratio in our country compel us to accept this truth. According to the United Nations an estimated 2,000 unborn girls are illegally aborted every day in India. Another glaring example is the demographic profile of India which clearly indicates the profoundness and wide spread prevalence of female foeticide. India is a country of 102.7 crore population, out of which 53.1 crores is of males and 49.6 crores is of females, clearly indicating a deficit of 3.5 crore women. The sex ratio is 933 women /1000 men and child sex ratio is 927 girls for 1000 boys[6]. The intensity of this heinous crime in our country is revealed by the following figures: Sex Ratio(females per thousand males),India: 1901-2001 Year Sex-Ratio 1901 972 1911 964 1921 955 1931 950 1941 945 1951 946 1961 941 1971 930 1981 934 1991 929 2001 933 Thus as per these statistics reveal, the overall sex ratio in India is 933 females for every 1000 males, showing a marginal increase of 4 points from the 1991 census of 929. However, this is a very sorry state indeed and we are doing much worse than over a hundred years ago when the sex ratio was 972 in 1901, 946 in 1951 till the 933 today. The Trend of sex ratios in the age group of 0-6 years all over India Years Sex Ratio 1961 976 1971 964 1981 962 1991 945 2001 933 The above table clarifies that more and more baby girls have either been aborted or killed as infants since 1961 and that this trend continues strong even today. The intensity of sex ratio imbalance in the 0-6 age group in some states of India is indeed horrifying. In Punjab the sex ratio is (793 F: 1000 M), in Haryana it is (820 F: 1000 M), in Himachal Pradesh it is (897 F: 1000 M), in Gujarat it is (878 F: 1000 M). Recent government figures show that in South Delhi, the sex ratio is 762 females per 1000 males, while in Mumbais Borivalli its 728 females per 1000 males. In Jaipur itself, an average of 3500 instances of female foeticide is supposed to be carried per year. These figures undoubtedly point out that the country, is witnessing today the systematic extermination of the female child on a large scale. All most the whole of the country is under the grip of this menace. The following table estimates the intensity of Female Foeticide in the various states of India: States Showing High Foeticide Percentage State Female Foeticide ( percent to All India) Maharashtra 45.1 Madhya Pradesh 15.4 Haryana 14.3 Rajasthan 9.9 Andhra Pradesh 8.8 From the above table we find that ironically the developed and the richest states of India are the toppers in the list where female foeticide is extensive. According to UNICEF study done over 3 years (1994-1996), there are only five states in India where no case of foeticide or infanticide have been reported which are Sikkim, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Jammu Kashmir. An improvement in the child sex ratio whatsoever has only been marked in one state, Kerala, and two Union Territories, Lakshwadeep and Pondicherry. The reports published by various agencies also throw considerable light on this grim reality. The UN reports reveal that between 35 to 40 million girls missing from the Indian population. According to a study conducted recently in India, the first systematic study on female foeticide by an Indo-Canadian team, 10 million female foetuses have been aborted in India, What all the more shocking is according to its report every year, about 50,000 unborn girls-one in every 25-are aborted in India . The UNPFA report on â€Å"India Towards Population and Development Goals† published in 1997 also expressed its concern over the issue. It is estimated that 48 million women were ‘missing from Indias population. The report states â€Å"If the sex ratio of 1036 females per 1000 males observed in some states of Kerala in 1991 had prevailed in the whole country, the number of would be 455 million instead of the 407 million (in the 1991 census). Thus, there is a case of between 32 to 48 million missing females in the Indian society as of 1991 that needs to be explained.† It further stated that, â€Å"The 1991 census is only indicative of this disturbing trend when elsewhere in the world women outnumber men by 3 to 5 percent. There are 95 to 97 males to 100 females in Europe; the ratio is even less, 88 males to 100 females, in Russia, mainly due to causalities of World War 2†. According to the UNICEF report, 40 to 50 million girls have gone missing from Indian population since 1901 as a result of systematic gender discrimination in India. Thus in consideration of all these facts it is quite evident that Female Foeticide has taken a disastrous shape in India. It is the distressing reality of Shining India that the mass depletion of the fairer sex is being carried on boldly without any hesitation, without any fear. Laws in India to Check Female Foeticide : In India in order to stop the indiscriminate abortion of female fetuses several laws have been enacted. The essential provisions relating to the prevention of Female Foeticide are laid down in: Indian Penal Code 1860 The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act,1971 The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994 a) Indian Penal Code 1860:Under the IPC adequate provisions have been made for the protection of mother and unborn child. Under Section 312, 313and 314, the IPC provides to save the women from miscarriage. Miscarriage means the expulsion of the child or foetus from the mothers womb at any period of pregnancy before the term of gestation is completed. Though the term â€Å"miscarriage† is not defined in the I.P.C in its popular sense, it is synonymous with abortion, and consists in the explosion of the embryo or foetus, i.e. the immature product of conception. The stage at which pregnancy has advanced and the form which the ovum or embryo may have assumed are immaterial.Any act intended, not in good faith to cause miscarriage is punishable under IPC. The punishment for this offence is further enhanced if the woman is ‘quick with child. The term ‘Quickening refers to the peculiar sensations experienced by a woman about the fourth or fifth month of pregnancy. The symp toms are popularly ascribed to the first perception of the movement of the foetus. According to Section 312 if any person causes a miscarriage of woman, he shall be punished with the imprisonment up to three years or fine or with both, and if the woman be quick with child, he shall be punished with imprisonment up to seven years and fine also. Under this section a woman who causes her miscarriage or gives consent to miscarry is also liable for punishment. Section 313 provides the punishment for life or ten years and fine, who causes the miscarriages of a woman without her consent. In the case of Tulsi Devi v. State of U.P, the accused women kicked a pregnant woman in her abdomen resulting in miscarriage. She was held to be convicted under Section 313. Section 314further provides that if the act directed to cause miscarriage results in death of the pregnant woman, the offender is punishable with imprisonment of ten years as well as with fine. However the IPC permits abortion for saving the life of the pregnant women. Section 312 allows the termination of pregnancy in good faith for saving the life of the pregnant woman. The term good faith, however, is not a constant term but it is varied from case to case. The General Clauses Act 1897 defines good faith as, â€Å"A thing shall be deemed to be done in good faith where it is, in fact done honestly.† IPC defines good faith as â€Å"Nothing is said to be done or believed in good faith which is done or believed without due care and attention†. In addition to these, Section 315 and 316 provides for protection against injuries to the unborn child. Section 315 lays down that any person doing an act without good faith with the intention of preventing a child to be born or to cause it die after birth is punishable with imprisonment of ten tears or fine or both. Section 316 provides if a person causes the death of a quick unborn child by an act amounting to culpable homicide he shall be punishable with imprisonment for ten years as well as be fined. Like the Indian law, protection to the unborn child has also been recognized and guaranteed in other countries too. Such as in the United States thirty-five states currently recognize the unborn child or fetus as a homicide victim. 25 of those states apply this principle throughout the period of pre-natal development while 10 establish protection at some later stage, which varies from state to state. For example, the Supreme Court of California treats the killing of a fetus as homicide, but does not treat the killing of an embryo (prior to approximately eight weeks) as homicide. The Unborn Victims of Violence Act enacted in 2004 recognizes the ‘child in utero as a member of the species homo sapiens, at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb. This ‘child in utero is recognized as a legal victim if he or she is injured or killed during the commission of any of 68 existing federal crimes of violence and offered legal remedy as per the state laws. However, the f ederal and state courts have consistently held that these laws do not apply to apply to legal induced abortions and do not contradict the U.S. Supreme Courts rulings on abortion.But unlawful abortion however may be considered foeticide, even if the pregnant woman consents to the abortion..Similarly the English law also gives protection to the unborn child. It recognizes ‘Child Destruction as a crime. ‘Child destruction refers to the crime of killing a child capable of being born alive, before it has a separate existence. The Crimes Act 1958 defined capable of being born alive as 28 weeks gestation, later reduced to 24 weeks. b)The Medical Termination Of Pregnancy Act, 1971: The MTP Act is another attempt to prevent high rate of female foeticide in India. This Act aims in preventing large number of unsafe abortions. The Act clearly states that an abortion can be termed legal only when- Termination is done by a medical practitioner approved by the Act Termination is done at a place approved under the Act Termination is done for conditions and within the gestation prescribed by the Act Other requirements of the rules regulations are complied with. It permits termination of pregnancy only when Continuation of pregnancy constitutes risk to the life or grave injury to the physical or mental health of woman or there is a substantial risk of physical or mental abnormalities in the fetus as to render it seriously handicapped or if pregnancy caused by rape (presumed grave injury to mental health) or due to contraceptive failure in married couple (presumed grave injury to mental health).However termination of pregnancy is possible Upto 20 weeks of gestation period only With the consent of the woman. If the woman is below 18 years or is mentally ill, then with consent of a guardian With the opinion of a registered medical practitioner, formed in good faith, under certain circumstances With the opinion of two RMPs required for termination of pregnancy between 12 and 20 weeks. Also such abortion is to be conducted either at a hospital established or maintained by Government or at a place approved for the purpose of this Act by a District-level Committee constituted by the government with the CMHO as Chairperson. Thus this Act on one hand positively aims to improve the maternal health scenario by upholding the validity of legally induced abortions and negatively, on the other hand, seeks to reduce illegal abortions. Also it is to be noted that such strict principles laid down by the Act for the regulation of abortion is a bold attempt by the Indian Legislature to check Female Foeticide. The Act seeks to put an end to the menace of illegal abortions carried out primarily for the elimination of female fetuses. c) The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulations and Prevention of Misuse) Act 1994:The PNDT Act is the outcome of the realization of the Parliament that a central piece of legislation had become mandatory for stopping the abuse of pre natal diagnostic techniques. When it was quite evident from the mushroom growth of clinics all over that the pre-natal diagnostic techniques were not restricted for the purpose of detection of genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities or congenital abnormalities or sex-linked diseases only but was actually leading to female foeticide, for the first time in India, in 1986, a social action group in Mumbai namely the Forum Against Sex Determination and Sex Pre-selection (FASDSP), initiated a campaign. On its pressure the Maharashtra government enacted the Maharashtra Regulation of Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act 1988, which was the first anti sex determination drive in the country. This was followed by a similar Act being introduced in Punjab in May 1994. However both these Acts were repealed by the enactment of a central legislation, i.e. the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act 1994, which came into effect from 01.01.1996, banning sex determination tests all over the country. This Act was renamed in 2002 as the Pre- Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 (PCPNDT Act) which came to effect from 14.02.2003. The PCPNDT Act chiefly provides for : Prohibition of sex selection, before and after conception. Regulation of prenatal diagnostic techniques (e.g. aminocentesis and ultrasonography) for detection of genetic abnormalities, by restricting their use to registered institutions. The Act allows the use of these techniques only at a registered institutions .The Act allows the use of these techniques only at a registered place for a specified purpose and by a qualified person, registered for this purpose. Prevention of misuse of such techniques for sex selection before or after conception. Prohibition of advertisement of any technique for sex selection as well as sex determination. Prohibition on sale of ultrasound machines to persons not registered under this Act. Punishment for violations of the Act. This Act requires that all diagnostic centres must be registered with the authorities. They are required to maintain detailed records of all pregnant women undergoing scans there. These records must include the referring doctor, medical and other details of the woman, reason for doing the scan, and signatures of the doctors. These records must be submitted to the authorities periodically. For implementing the Act, â€Å"appropriate authorities† are appointed at the state level and work with the director of health services, a member of a womens organization and an officer of the law. At the district level, the appropriate authority is the medical officer or civil surgeon. Advisory committees consisting of doctors, social workers and people with legal training assist appropriate authorities. Supervisory boards at the state and central levels look at the implementation of the Act. The appropriate authority may cancel the diagnostic centres registration, make independent investiga tions, take complaints to court, and take appropriate legal action. It may demand documentation, search premises, and seal and seize material. Courts may respond only to complaints from the appropriate authority. Under the Act the following people can be charged-everyone running the diagnostic unit for sex selection, mediators who refer pregnant women to the test, and relatives of the pregnant woman. The pregnant woman is considered innocent under the Act, â€Å"unless proved guilty†. So far as penalties under the Act are concerned, it consists of imprisonment for up to three years and a fine of up to Rs. 10,000. This is increased to five years and Rs. 100,000 for subsequent offences. Doctors charged with the offence will be reported to the State Medical Council, which can take the further necessary action including suspension. These are the three chief legislative measures initiated in India for combating the evil of Female Foeticide. Judicial Response to Female Foeticide in India: The Indian Judiciary has from time to time come up with ingenious ways to provide protection to the fairer sex and this essentially includes the group of unborn girls too. The Supreme Court in the case of â€Å"Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes (CEHAT) and others v.Union of India† which was filed under section 32 of the Constitution of India under PIL issued directions to Central Supervisory Board, all State Governments and Union Territories for proper and effective implementation of the PCPNDT Act which mandates that sex selection by any person, by any means, before or after conception, is prohibited. Since 2001, the judiciary has been closely monitoring the implementation of its various orders passed regarding the ban on the use of ultrasound scanners for conducting such tests. Subsequently, it had sought status reports from all states and Union Territories. The Supreme Court also directed 9 companies to supply the information of the machines sold to various clinics in the last 5 years.. Addresses received from the manufacturers were also sent to concerned states and to launch prosecution against those bodies using ultrasound machines that had filed to get themselves registered under the Act. The court directed that the ultrasound machines/scanners be sealed and seized if they were being used without registration. The Supreme Court also asked three associations viz., The Indian Medical Association [IMA], Indian Radiologist Association [IRA], and the Federation of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Societies of India [FOGSI] to furnish details of members using these machines. It is to be noted that since the Supreme Court had issued such directives, 99 cases were registered and in 232 cases ultrasound machines, other equipment and records were seized Today there is an estimated 25000 ultrasound machines in the country, of these 15000 have been registered, owing to the efforts of the Judiciary. The Supreme Court in the case of Mr. Vijay Sha rma and Mrs. Kirti Sharma vs. Union of India the Supreme Court has recently quoted that â€Å" foeticide of girl child is a sin; such tendency offends dignity of women. It undermines their importance. It violates womans right to life. It violatesArticle39(e) of theConstitutionwhich states the principle of state policy that the health and strength of women is not to be abused. It ignores Article51A (e) of theConstitutionwhich states that it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women. The architects of the MTPA, 1971, have not taken into consideration the fundamental rights of the foetus to be born. It is submitted that ‘life exists in the foetus while in the womb of the mother and in this context Article 21 of the constitution of India is applicable to unborn person as well.† Current Scenario of the extent of Female Foeticide in India subsequent to the Legislative initiatives and Judicial attempts: It is quite unfortunate that in India despite enactment of effective laws there has been a little change in the psychology and behavior in the people who still have a damn care attitude in causing the death of that most vulnerable being in India the female foetus. The PCPNDT Act has not been successful to curb out this menace completely but has somewhere or the other contributed to the mushroom growth of private clinics all over the country where people desperately visit for conducting sex selective abortions. Another shameful picture which has come out is that of the doctor community, more often labeled as Gods in our country, are seen to commit a blatant violation of law as well as medical ethics. The zeal with which Female F

The Museum Experience :: Free Descriptive Essay About A Place

The Museum Experience One of my favorite things to do when traveling in a new city is to visit the museums. I have never been to a city that did not offer the usual museum fare, usually in the form of the â€Å"Anytown Art Museum†, or the â€Å"Anytown Museum of Natural History†. While these types of museums house some incredible artifacts, and I do visit them often, I also like to seek out museums of a more unusual sort. Museums are mostly the same just about everywhere you go, both in the United States and Europe. They offer the visitor a glimpse into the past culture of any given city or country by displaying relics found throughout the world. But there are also many museums that showcase artifacts of the culture in a much more specific way. Some fine examples of these kinds of museums include the Pez Museum, close to San Francisco, dedicated to the little candy dispenser, the Muzeum hracek in Prague, dedicated to toys of the world, both past and present, the Dungeon, a history of Medieval torture, also in Prague, and the Liberace Museum in Las Vegas, dedicated to all things Liberace--and I mean all things. The Pez Museum is not actually in San Francisco, but is located south of the city in a town called Burlingame. If you are in the Bay Area for any reason, do not miss this museum! Remember when you were a little kid, and you loved to collect Pez dispensers? Well, times have changed, and now Pez collections mean big money, and big business. The most expensive Pez dispenser to dat e is the short lived Mr. Potato Head dispenser, complete with a make-it-yourself face. This Pezsells for $5,000 at auction! This museum contains literally hundreds of Pez Dispensers, collected since their inception back in the Fifties. While Pez may not compare to a Rodin sculpture in terms of being considered classical art, obviously there are some people out there who appreciate the finer nuances of a mere candy dispenser. Toy museums abound throughout the world. I have been lucky enough to have visited two toy museums in my life, both in Europe. The first one was in a quaint town in Germany called Rothenburg. This town dates back to the Medieval era, and is one of the few towns in Western Europe that is still contained within it’s original defense walls. Because most of the buildings inside the walls are original, this town has become a major tourist attraction for European tourists.