Essay The Greek Economy - 2993 Words

The Greek economy was a result of the combination of slaves, citizens and Metics. The Metic, however, was the driving and most important force behind the Greek economy. The slave was used only when seen fit. The citizen saw work as below the dignity of a free man. He left to others the labors that he was unwilling to perform himself. Firstly, it must be noted that any prejudice against manual labor among the Greeks was of comparatively late origin. Certainly, in the Homeric age, to labor with one’s hands was no disgrace. The prowess of Odysseus comes to mind, who was a mighty worker and built his own house and even his own bedstead. (Hom. Od.13, 31-34) There was no prejudice against manual labor in the time of Solon either, who decreed†¦show more content†¦This new found standing gave the citizen the view that he was above manual labor. The plunder gained from wars, and after the founding of the Delian League, the riches gained set up new standards of values and condu ct. With the increased wealth, fortunes were made overnight. The citizen enjoyed himself more and saw those who had to work for a living with contempt. Also, with the increased affluence, citizens were able to pay the Metic to carry out trade. Herodotus remarked upon this as something quite new, that the citizens â€Å"practice no trade and only war, which is their hereditary calling. Now, whether this separation, like other customs has come to Greece from Egypt I cannot exactly judge. I know that in Thrace and Scythia and Persia and Lydia and nearly all foreign countries those who learn trades and their descendants are held in less esteem than the rest of the people, and those who have nothing to do with artisan’s work, especially men who are free to practice war, are highly honored.† (Herod. 2, 166-167) This is a testament that the Greek citizen had shifted away from work and had elevated himself upon a pedestal. Thus creating a demand for highly skilled laborers, which was filled by the Metics. Aristotle and Plato simply would not allow or accept that a man, whose whole energies were devoted to making a living, could possibly at the same time fulfill his duties as a citizenShow MoreRelatedGreek Economy and the Eurozone821 Words   |  3 Pagespercent unemployment rate in 2014. Greece joined the Eurozone in 2001 and was the poorest European Union member at the time with a two point six percent inflation rate3 (James, 2000). Greece had a long economic history before joining the Eurozone. The economy flourished from 1960 to 1970 with low inflation and modernization and industrialization occurring. The market crash in the late 1970’s led Greece into a state of recession that the nation is still struggling with. 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The Minoans adopted almonds, the nuts of the mastic bush, and the yellow pulses that were being refined by more ancient peoples already in Greece, while finding wild grapes. The wild grapes were used to make wine. The people of Greece also foundRead MoreThe Euro in Crisis: Decision Time at the European Central Bank841 Words   |  4 Pagesextraordinary decision-making power, this will in effect have an impact on the financial economy of Greece. From this case analysis, the ECB must decide whether to purchase or to not purchase Greek sovereign debt (Trumbull, Roscini amp; Choi, 2011). The Problem After the sub-prime mortgage burst in the United States, this sent reverberating shock waves throughout world economies. As the US economy tightened, economies around the world were also affected; adversely affected highly leveraged banks in

Morality And Technology And The Presence Of Technology

When young children read the well-known fable in class, they are unaware that the story has a moral. It has a lesson that the adults attempt to instill in them at the very beginning stages of their lives. These lessons teach morality and begin to introduce certain values to children. In this way, every person develops values throughout his/her life that are impacted by his or her environment, biology and social constructs. Through these values, morality is developed and because each person has his or her own unique values, morality is based upon the individual. All organisms have evolved throughout their existence on Earth, but interestingly, humans are the only species that apply morals to their lives. Morality and technology are manmade inventions. Morality relies on evolution and the presence of technology. In the essay â€Å"Nonmoral Nature,† Stephen Jay Gould uses examples of acts of survival that insects commit in order to ensure their survival. However, because their instinctual acts of survival are viewed as grotesque, these acts seem immoral to humans. Gould stated, â€Å"If nature is nonmoral, then evolution cannot teach any ethical theory at all† (1211). This statement refers to the idea that the sacrificing of the caterpillars and spiders is an act of survival. Animals and insects commit acts in nature and in their environment because they do what is essential to survive. The animals and insects do not stop to think about whether what they are doing would beShow MoreRelatedThe Island Of Dr. Moreau, Wells And Aldous Huxley s Brave New World1492 Words   |  6 Pagesnovels argue that the loss of individuality is inevitable when science attempts to perfect every aspect of society. Technology without laws holds the danger to eliminate individuality and ultimatel y requires humans to assimilate to a new standard without error and within the bounds of scientific advancement. In H.G. 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Bob Marley Musical Influence Free Essays

Nesta Robert â€Å"Bob† Marley is known as being the father of reggae music. Bob Marley was the lead singer of the band The Wailers. He spread Jamaican music along with the Rastafari Movement worldwide. We will write a custom essay sample on Bob Marley Musical Influence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marley brought the mystic power of reggae to the world and is called the Third World’s first pop superstar. He died at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami, FL of melanoma. Even after his death, Marley remains a global symbol of freedom, peace, and justice, and his songs remain popular worldwide. Bob Marley was born in Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, on February 6, 1945. Marley began playing music while he was still in school. When he was ten he moved to Kingston; it was there, in 1962, he recorded his first three songs, â€Å"Judge Not†, â€Å"Terror,† and â€Å"One Cup of Coffee. † These singles attracted very little attention. In 1963, Marley and a few others formed a ska band â€Å"The Teenagers,† which went through many names before finally settling at â€Å"The Wailers. † Ska music is a Jamaican interpretation of American RB, with an accent on the offbeat. Bob, Bunny, and Peter were the core trio of the band. They wrote lyrics that told of the struggles the Jamaican poor experienced. The band gained local following fairly quickly, which lead them to incorporate dub, a reggae style of music with the drums and bass foundation in the forefront, in the 1970s. In early 1972, The Wailers were loaned 4,000 Euros to record a record produced by the London offices of Island Records. â€Å"Catch A Fire† was met with international media fanfare and a tour in the UK and US ensued. Their second album, â€Å"Burnin† was released in October 1973 and included such hits as â€Å"I Shot the Sheriff† and â€Å"Get Up Stand Up. † The single â€Å"I Shot the Sheriff† was one of their most widely known hits. Eric Clapton recorded a cover in 1974 which gained The Wailers a large fan base in the US. Bob Marley and The Wailers went on their final tour in 1980 that broke attendance records and sold out such venues as Madison Square Garden. Bob Marley’s final performance was September 23, 1980 at Stanley Theater in Pittsburgh, PA. The final album released in Marley’s lifetime, â€Å"Uprising,† was released in 1980 and made a connection to African-American listeners with the single â€Å"Could You Be Loved,† which fused reggae and disco to give a danceable sound. The Rastafari Movement was a key element in the development of reggae music, and Bob Marley was a member of this culture. Rasta is a spiritual movement that worships the Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie I. The spiritual use of cannabis and rejecting the western society are key themes upheld by the Rastafari Movement. Reggae music is said to have largely helped spread awareness of Rasta worldwide. Bob Marley was a key component in doing so. Marley is also known for having dreadlocks, which is a Rasta custom. They uphold that the bible warns against cutting hair; but not every Rasta has dreads, rather every Rasta has love in their heart and that is what sets them apart. Bob Marley was diagnosed with malignant melanoma in July of 1977, under one of his toenails. It was advised that Marley have his toe amputated, but he refused based upon religious beliefs. It was later confirmed this infection was a spreading of already existing cancer in Marley’s body. He continued touring despite being sick and shortly after the concert at Stanley Theater, became increasingly ill and attempted to fight the cancer using a controversial type of therapy based on avoiding certain substances. After eight months of unsuccessful therapy, Marley was set to return to Jamaica. Marley’s plane was forced to land in Miami, however, as his vitals worsened. The melanoma had spread to his lungs and brain, causing his death on May 11, 1981. He was 36 years old. Marley’s last words to his son, Ziggy, were â€Å"Money can’t buy life. † How to cite Bob Marley Musical Influence, Papers

Hospitalizations for Heart Failure Pashient

Question: Discuss about the Report for Hospitalizations for Heart Failure Pashient. Answer: Part A The essay is on the topic of heart failure and its causes. Heart failure is a major public health issue worldwide, and its incidence is rising. The lifetime risk of developing heart failure cases is one in five people. It is a potential burden on the health care system with high rates of hospitalization and outpatient visit. The severity of the disease can be predicted by its risk factors such as ischemic heart disease, smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension. This essay will discuss the epidemiology of heart failure and the fatality of the disease. It will also focus on the incidence of heart failure in Malaysia and how it has affected people in Malaysia. The situation can be dealt with by new models of patient-centered care that can support heart failure patient and decreases hospitalization rate. It will describe the burden of the disease and what actions need to be taken to minimize the incidence of heart failure. The thesis statement would be reducing the global burden of he art failure. Congestive heart failure is a clinical condition which occurs when the heart muscle weakens and cannot pump blood sufficiently to maintain normal blood flow in the body. The structural or functional cardiac disorder impairs ventricle's ability to fill or eject blood. The condition develops over time when pumping action of heart weakens in the individual. Heart failure can affect the right ventricle or left ventricle or both sides of the heart. It may either systolic or diastolic and acute or chronic. Heart failure begins with the left ventricle of the heart as it is the main pumping chamber of the heart (Mann et al., (2014). The symptoms associated with heart failure include shortness of breath, tiredness, and swelling. The breathing problems worsen during exercise, while lying down. Acute heart failure results due to acute pulmonary edema, cardiogenic shock characterized by hypotension and peripheral vasoconstriction. Heart failure may be ongoing (chronic) or occurring suddenly (Acute heart failure). It may cause irregular heartbeat, persistent cough with pink or white phlegm, increased the need to urinate at night, abdomen swelling, weight gain, lack of appetite and nausea, lack of appetite and chest pain (when heart failure occurs by heart attack) (Roger, 2012). This section will discuss the cause of Left-sided heart failure. It occurs when the heart cannot pump adequate oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. During left-sided heart failure, it causes blood to congest into the lungs causing respiratory problem and fatigue due to insufficient supply of blood. Pulmonary edema is detected by crackles sounds. Severe pulmonary edema may cause cyanosis due to low blood oxygen. Other symptoms of left ventricular failure include gallop rhythm indicating increased blood flow and laterally displaced apex beat when the heart is enlarged. Heart murmurs may also indicate heart failure (Vachiry et al., 2013). Right-sided heart failure affects right ventricle when the heart cannot pump enough blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen. In this case, fluids accumulate in the abdomen, legs, and feet causing swelling. Right-sided heart failure is caused by left side heart failure. This is because when left ventricle does not pump blood efficiently, the pressure in the left side builds up and right side fails. When blood backups in the ventricles into the lungs and then the right ventricle also fails. This then extends to the liver and other organs. It is also caused by chronic lung disease, tricuspid stenosis (Narrowing the tricuspid valve), pulmonic stenosis ( narrowing the pulmonary valve), tricuspid regurgitation (improper closing of tricuspid valve), pericardial constriction (stiffening of pericardium) and left-to-right shunt (abnormal connection between left and right side of the heart) (Schwartzenberg et al., 2012). Systolic heart failure occurs when the left side of the heart cannot pump blood out of the body normally. It is called systolic as ventricles cannot contract completely during systole, and so the test may show low ejection fraction. It may be caused by coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, high blood pressure, arrhythmia (irregular heart rhythm), mitral regurgitation and viral myocarditis (viral infection in heart muscle). Coronary artery disease or heart attack blocks the arteries thus limiting blood flow to heart muscle. It damages heart muscle and impairs heart muscle's ability to pump blood. Cardiomyopathy weakens the heart muscle, and when the patient has high blood pressure, the heart has to work harder against increased pressure further damaging heart muscles. In the case of mitral regurgitation, mitral valve does not close properly leading to leakage on the left side of the heart (E Hogan Cowger, 2014). Diastolic heart failure occurs due to declining in the performance of one or both sides of the ventricle during diastole. Diastole is the event in cardiac cycle during which heart relaxes, and it is filled with blood coming from the body through the inferior and superior vena cavae to the right atrium and from lungs to left atrium. Diastolic dysfunction is detected by Doppler echocardiography. Left ventricular stiffening may be caused due to prolonged hypertension, aortic stenosis, diabetes, restrictive cardiomyopathy and old age people (Jackson, 2013). The general cause of heart failure is previous myocardial infarction, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, excess consumption of alcohol and cardiomyopathy. All these symptoms either changes the function or the structure of the heart. Since heart failure is caused by myocardial infarction, this section will analyze what events lead to heart attack in the individual. A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is disrupted causing damage to heart muscles. The heart is deprived of oxygen due to blockage of a coronary artery. The coronary artery is involved in supplying the heart muscle with oxygenated blood. In the absence of oxygen, muscle cells begin to die or infarct. The symptoms of heart attack are chest pain which may travel to back, arm, shoulder or jaw. The heart attack is also associated with nausea, the faint sensation, cold sweat and tiredness. Those persons who have diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity and those who has poor diet intake, cons umes lot of alcohol and does not exercise are at more risk of myocardial infarction. It is diagnosed by the test like an electrocardiogram, blood tests like troponin and creatinine kinase and coronary angiography (McMurray et al., 2012). This section gives insight into diagnosis of heart failure. Heart failure is a costly and fatal condition. It is diagnosed by analyzing the history of symptoms and confirmed by echocardiography. Physicians determine the underlying cause of heart failure by blood test and chest radiography. The severity and cause of the disease may vary in individuals, so treatment will also depend on these factors. If any patient is suffering from mild heart failure, then they have advised lifestyle modification such as quitting smoking, increasing physical exercise, and changes in diet and medications. For patients with left-ventricular heart failure, angiotensin receptor blockers are given during treatment. Severe heart failure patients are treated by receptors blockers and beta blockers. In several cases, implantable cardiac defibrillator or pacemaker is also implanted in patients. In severe cases, cardiac resynchronization therapy is performed. If all form of treatment option fails, then ventricu lar assistive device or heart transplant is recommended (Roger, 2013). This section discusses the epidemiological transition of cardiovascular disease with time. The health status and illness profile of people in the society depends on the extent of economic development and social organization in any place. When countries were in the earliest stage of development, rheumatic heart disease was prevalent due to nutritional deficiency disorder. This region included south-Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South America. During the second stage of development, hemorrhagic stroke, and hypertensive heart disease became common. An example of this regions includes China and other Asian countries. With further development in society, life-expectancy improved but high-calorie diet, cigarette smoking, and sedentary lifestyle became common. This led to the prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and ischemic heart disease. This disease is prevalent in India, Latin America, and other countries. During the last stage of development, efforts to prevent and diag nose disease delay the disease to later ages. Regions in this stage include Western Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand (Sakata Shimokawa, 2013). This section discusses the global burden of cardiovascular diseases. The severity of cardiovascular disease is dependent on lifestyle determinants of diet, physical activity, and tobacco consumption. Heart disease is now the leading cause of death worldwide leading to about 17.5 million deaths per year. It is estimated that the incidence heart disease is going to rise by more than 23 million by 2030. In 2008, cardiovascular disease was the cause of 30% death worldwide with most of them occurring in low and middle-income countries. It takes more lives than all forms of cancer put together. The direct and indirect burden of the disease is high. It has led to increased health expenditure and loss of productivity. It is also a leading cause of death in U.S with about 1 in 7 cases of death reported. In Europe and America, 1-2% of total health expenditure is incurred in heart failure treatment. More than 74% of cardiac patients suffer from at least one comorbidity to worsen the overall hea lth status of the individual (Cook et al., 2014). In Malaysia, 6.7 % of the population is diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. The burden of the disease is determined by hospitalization rate, the cost of drugs, primary treatment and other treatment in countries. It is a challenge for the health care system to effectively manage the disease. The incidence of heart disease is more prevalent in women than in men (Sakata Shimokawa, 2013). This section is about incidence of heart failure in Malaysia. Global burden of disease is estimated by measuring the disability-adjusted-life-year (DALY) in selected population. One DALY is equal to one lost year of healthy life. It is calculated by sum of Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Years Lost due to Disability (YLD). In Malaysia, life expectancy for male is 71.7 years and 78 years for females. In Malaysia, ischemic heart disease, road injuries and cerebrovascular disease is the leading cause of death in terms of years of life lost (YLL). The major risk factor in Malaysia includes risk due to diet, high systolic pressure and high body mass index. Highest mortality rate was found in males within the age of 45-49 years. Ischemic heart disease continues to be the number one cause of death in Malaysia. It was in the first ranking both in the year 1990 and year 2013. According to latest published data of WHO in 2014, deaths due to coronary heart disease in Malaysia have reached 23.10%. Malaysia ranks 33rd in the world according to age-adjusted death rate, and it were 150.1 per 1 lakh population (Khatibzadeh et al.,,2013).. The major risk factor for disease burden in Malaysia includes dietary risk, high blood pressure, and cigarette smoking. Adults between 15-49 years had dietary risk and children under five years had risk because of being underweight. It is a public health concern for Malaysia as the mortality due to coronary artery disease has increased three-fold in the last forty years (Yusuf et al., 2014). Malaysian population mainly consists of Indians, Chinese, and Malays. Although Indians comprise only 10% of the population, 56 % of patients having the heart attack before 40 years were Indians (Callender,2014). This is because Indians have the major prevalence of risk factors like diabetes, high blood pressure, and cholesterol. For patients with heart coronary surgery, common risk factors include dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes. In the case of patients with heart attack, Indians had 4 % higher rate of diabetes than Malays. Other risk factors include obesity, low physical activity. So if there is a health drive to control the disease, the burden of the disease can be reduced. Heart failure has lead to high hospitalization rates and dismal survival rate compared to other cancers. It is also found that Asians suffer from heart failure ten years earlier than Western population (Dokainish et al., 2015). This section is a detail on pharmacological management of heart disease. Malaysia can also reduce the burden of the disease if health care takes a role in adopting strategies to reduce heart disease incidence. Physician indicates diuretics to those heart disease patient who has symptoms of fluid retention. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors are first line of drug for treatment of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. This medication improves survival rate and quality of life in all kinds of heart failure. Digoxin is also a drug for heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Beta blockers are recommended to reduce the risk of exacerbation and clinical deterioration due to heart failure. Anticoagulation therapy with warfarin is indicated for patients with atrial fibrillation and past history of thromboembolic episodes. There are also surgical procedures to reduce the disease. This includes revascularization therapy for ischaemic heart failure patients and balloon v alvoplasty for valvular heart disease. For a patient with low heart rate, pacemakers are beneficial. In severe cases, implantable cardioverter defibrillators are given for complications like resuscitated sudden cardiac death. When conventional surgical treatment fails, heart transplantation is the standard mode of treatment in such case. It increases quality of life and survival rate (Ambrosy et al., 2014). This section is about prevention strategy for heart failure. Due to the significant morbidity and mortality associated with the disease worldwide and in Malaysia. Prevention strategy is necessary to reduce the incidences of heart disease. Prevention is crucial not just because of high morbidity and mortality, but also due to the high cost of medical treatment and time lost due to absence from work. It is necessary to analyze risk factor both at the individual level and by geographical location. Promoting lifestyle changes like quitting smoking, lipid reduction, dietary changes, improving the socio-economic condition and different therapy is the most important factor for preventing the heart disease (Mohamed et al., 2014).. This section is about the role of healthcare department in making appropriate health policies. Healthcare department has a significant role in implementing policies and programs to reduce the burden of heart disease globally. They need to promote ways of prevention of heart failure by public awareness programs. They need to optimize care regimen, improve end-of-life care and provide equity of attention to all class of people in all countries. Health care organizations need to appoint specialist of heart failure in all discipline who manage the patient in an emergency. The health care models need to be redeveloped to implement better methods of quality care. Many people are not aware of the risk factors for heart disease and so giving support and education to the public in this regard is essential. There might be some shortcomings in the treatment process, so more research should be done to discover new therapy (Callender et al., 2014). Prevention of heart failure should be a priority for policymakers, particularly for the high-risk population. Certain illness is also the risk factors for heart failure. Such patients should be encouraged to introduce lifestyle changes that minimize the possibility of heart disease. There should be more support for the implementation of public awareness programs that educated the public on heart failure, its cause, symptoms and prevention strategies. Health care professional should also be given the responsibility to identify patients with those illnesses that increase the risk of heart failure (Chiang et al., 2014). Such patients any given preventive medications. It is also important to raise awareness among healthcare professionals, and the purpose should be to improve diagnosis and treatment procedure and provide proper clinical practice guidelines to medical staff. Patients should be empowered to take adequate health care before developing the disease. Further research in heart f ailure is also an important factor for reducing the incidence of heart failure. The government and other health care department should provide a fund to encourage collaborative research. It will improve understanding of the pattern and effect of cardiovascular disease and will lead to prevention across the globe. Patients receiving long-term preventive therapy should regularly be assessed. Large scale screening program should also be arranged for the patient at risk of developing heart failure. It will lead to cost-effectiveness and increase life expectancy in people (Klement et al., 2015). From the overall essay, it can be summarized that heart failure is the leading cause of disease worldwide, and adequate steps need to be taken to combat the effect of mortality and morbidity associated with the disease. The essay described the epidemiology of heart failure giving details on all types of heart failure. It explained the cause of heart failure and its symptoms. It reported the prevalence of heart disease globally and the burden of disease. About Malaysian context, it gave the detailed regarding the impact of heart disease in the region and what risk factors has made it the place with the highest incidence of the disease. It gave detail it different available treatment option for the disease. The final part of the essay gave a recommendation regarding policies that needs to be made to prevent heart disease. It gave details regarding improvement in heath care system awareness programs to enable people to make appropriate lifestyle changes. Part b From the pie chart, one can infer that National Library is a source for borrowing both academic and non-academic books. Books are available in different subjects in the library like history, science, biography, fiction and self-help subject books. After analyzing the percentage of books that were borrowed from the library, it is seen that people are mainly interested in books related to fiction. This is evident from the pie chart as it shows that 43 % people borrowed books on fiction. This might be because the National Library is not just for the use of student and college goers, but other class of people also comes to the library. The majority of book lovers have an interest in reading fiction books. So they may be visiting the library in their leisure time to read and enjoy such books. It is a good way of spending time on our own. People get engrossed in such fictional stories. The percentage of individuals taking biography book was 19%. It may indicate that many people are interes ted in knowing about the life of influential and inspiring characters in history. The percentage of science and history book borrowed were 14 %. This could be because of students coming to the library for help in their coursework. Self-help books have the least number of borrowers which was 10%. It is because very few people rely on self-help books. People may prefer searching the internet to find information instead of relying on such books. Reference Ambrosy, A. P., Fonarow, G. C., Butler, J., Chioncel, O., Greene, S. J., Vaduganathan, M., ... Gheorghiade, M. (2014). The global health and economic burden of hospitalizations for heart failure: lessons learned from hospitalized heart failure registries.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,63(12), 1123-1133. Callender, T., Woodward, M., Roth, G., Farzadfar, F., Lemarie, J. C., Gicquel, S., ... Bennett, D. (2014). 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